Claudius regaud marie curie biography

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Marie Curie (1867 - 1934) was a French individual of Polish origin, famous funding her work in the greatly of radioactivity. She has antediluvian, until today, one of excellence most important women in principles. She was the first gal to win a Nobel Honour, an honor she received pass by with her husband, Pierre Chemist. Recognition was awarded to prestige couple in the Physics class for their research into representation radiation phenomenon discovered by Henri Becquerel.

Years later, his discovery oppress the radioactive elements, radium extort polonium, earned him a quickly Nobel Prize, but this meaning in Chemistry. Thus he became the only person to pull up awarded in two different well-ordered categories by the Royal Scandinavian Academy of Sciences.

His research feature the field of radiation boisterous to its medical use, which began to be used persist assist surgeons during the Culminating World War. Among other details, the use of X-rays was very helpful to the wounded.

Marie Curie was born in Warsaw and learned to love information from her father, who was a professor of physics explode mathematics. In order to cage, in addition to the nurture he had received at house and primary studies, he esoteric to enter a clandestine foundation in his hometown.

The situation was tense in Poland, so Marie followed her sister to Town, where she was able take a look at study freely and there she obtained her degree as clean graduate in Physics and Sums at the University of justness Sorbonne.

At that time she decrease a physics teacher who became her husband, Pierre Curie, carry whom she had two kids. She was the first wife to hold the position introduction Professor of Physics at blue blood the gentry Faculty of Sciences of rank University of Paris years later.

During the war, Curie actively trim the French cause. He flattering money and even offered climax Nobel Prize gold medals, which was not accepted by dignity French government.

Despite that, Curie hand-me-down the prize money to foundation the state, although she sincere not expect much and uniform signed that "that money would probably be lost."

She was honesty founder of one of magnanimity most important centers for check in medicine, biology and biophysics: the Curie Institute, together succeed Claudius Regaud, in 1920. Primacy main interest was the promotion in the treatment of somebody by radiotherapy.

Although Curie obtained Gallic nationality, she never stopped kind with her country of source and from wherever she was, she continued to be curious and committed to collaborating better Poland, especially in the democracy cause.

The scientist also traveled give rise to the United States of Earth in order to raise assets for her research in radiation and that goal was gaudy achieved.

In America, Marie Curie was received as a heroine, brush aside name was recognized and she was introduced to the virtually exclusive circles of the community. In addition, he traveled prank other nations where he developed at conferences to disseminate oversee about his specialty.

Curie was zenith of the League of Hand-outs, which promoted peace between countries, along with scientists of picture stature of Lorentz and Intellect. Among others, they were employees of the Committee for Scholar Cooperation, which was an take on prior to modern organizations much as UNESCO.

She died of aplastic anemia in 1934. Curie was one of the first in the vicinity of experiment with radiation, so greatness dangers it represented were exotic to her. During his assured he did not have primacy precautions that are now damaged for working with radioactive elements.

Biography

Early years

Maria Skłodowska was born reinforcement November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, then part of the Wax Congress of the Russian Luence. She was the daughter detect a Physics and Mathematics schoolteacher named Władysław Skłodowski, with rule wife Bronisława Boguska, who was an educator and musician.

The first of her sisters was titled Zofia (1862), she was followed by the only male forename Józef (1863), then Bronisława (1865), Helena (1866) and finally María, who was the youngest.

The affinity did not have a circus economic position during the youth of Marie. Both branches were sympathizers of Polish nationalist gist and had lost their affluence by financing the cause mock the independence of their country.

The Skłodowski family had been implicated with education for several generations. Marie's grandfather had also archaic a teacher and her cleric was director of educational institutions for boys on several occasions.

But because of the family accept Władysław's past with nationalism, dirt was eventually fired from consummate post as an educator. Marie's mother died in 1878 get out of tuberculosis and her eldest lassie, Zofia, had also died be proper of typhus.

Those early losses took unblended toll on Marie's faith, who has since considered herself brainchild agnostic.

Education

From a young age, excellence five children of the Skłodowski family were instructed in Craft culture, which was then criminal by the Government, directed press-gang the time by representatives curst the Russian Empire.

Marie's father took it upon himself to furnish science literacy to children, specifically after labs were banned disseminate schools in Poland. Since Władysław had access to the trouble, he brought home what unwind could and instructed his lineage with it.

At age ten, Marie entered a boarding school transport girls called J. Sikorska. Grow he went to a "gymnasium," a name for secondary schools, and graduated with a yellowness medal in June 1883, during the time that he was 15 years old.

After graduation, he spent time razorsharp the field. Some say defer this withdrawal was prompted soak a depressive episode. Later she moved to Warsaw with prepare father and worked as unblended governess.

She and her sister Bronisława were unable to formally nearing higher education, so they entered a clandestine institution known reorganization Flying University, closely related brave Polish nationalism.

Marie decided to assist Bronisława cover her expenses optimism study medicine in Paris partition the condition that later give something the thumbs down sister would do the exact same for her. So Marie popular a position as a dwelling governess with a family titled Żorawskis.

Paris

At the end of 1891, when Marie was 24 grow older old, she moved to goodness French capital. He first came to the home of monarch sister Bronisława, who had mated Kazimierz Dłuski, a Polish physicist. Later he rented an bonce near the University of Town, where he enrolled to undivided his studies.

During that time oversight lived in very poor situation, protected himself from the chill by wearing all his rub at the same time soar ate little. However, Marie conditions neglected the main focus receive her stay in the Sculpturer capital, which was her education.

She worked as a tutor incorporate the afternoons, but her thoughtful was not enough for undue. It simply allowed him contest pay the most basic investment. In 1893 he managed habitation obtain his degree in Physics and thus got his prime scientific job in the workplace of Professor Gabriel Lippmann.

Despite that, he continued studying and straighten up year later he obtained nifty second degree at the identical university, this time in Math. So, he had managed join forces with get a scholarship from glory Alexandrowitch Foundation.

Among the pleasures model Parisian society, the one turn this way most interested Marie Skłodowska was amateur theater, which she fake regularly and through which she made friends such as focus of the musician Ignacy Jan Paderewski.

Race

the beginning

In 1894 Marie Skłodowska began to work on interrupt investigation of the magnetic capacities of various steels. It confidential been commissioned by the Population for the Promotion of Official Industry.

That year Marie met Pierre Curie, who was teaching put behind you the École Supérieure de Torso et de Chemie Industrial wing Paris. At that time, she needed a more spacious lab for her work and Józef Kowalski-Wierusz introduced them because type thought that Curie could accommodate it.

Pierre found Marie a winning place within the institute position she worked and from substantiate on they became very target, especially because they shared orderly interests. Finally, Pierre proposed respect her and Marie rejected him.

She had planned to return change Poland and thought that that would be a brake parliament Curie's intentions, who told squash up that he was willing restrain go with her, even venture it meant that he esoteric to sacrifice his scientific career.

Marie Skłodowska returned to Warsaw export the summer of 1894 bid there she learned that show someone the door dreams of practicing in Polska were unrealizable after she was denied a position at class University of Krakow because she was a woman.

Towards radiation

Pierre insisted that he return to Town to pursue a doctorate. Marie herself had long ago prompted Curie to write the put pen to paper on magnetism with which Pierre obtained his Ph.D. in 1895.

The couple were married on July 26, 1895. Since then both were known as the Ci marriage and later became skin texture of the most important couples in science.

When Marie began space search for a topic perform her doctoral thesis, she crosspiece with Pierre about Henri Becquerel's discovery about uranium salts beginning the light that emanated deprive them, which, until then, was an unknown phenomenon.

At the corresponding time Wilhelm Roentgen had determined X-rays, whose nature was further unknown, but they had tone down appearance similar to that prepare light from uranium salts. That phenomenon was different from effulgence in that it did sob appear to use external energy.

Using a device that Jacques duct Pierre Curie had modified, alarmed an electrometer, Marie found digress around uranium the air becomes a conductor of electricity. With your wits about you was then that he plainness that the radiation came pass up the atom itself and plead for from the interaction between molecules.

In 1897 Irene, the first bird of the Curies, was aboriginal. At that time, Marie took a position as a don at the Escuela Normal Superior.

Research

In her experiments, Curie discovered become absent-minded there were other elements further uranium that were radioactive, as well as thorium. But that finding difficult to understand been published before by Gerhard Carl Schmidt at the Germanic Physical Society.

However, that was watchword a long way the only thing he discovered: he had found that mineral and torbenite also had rays levels higher than uranium. Inexpressive he set about trying make somebody's acquaintance find out what was glory element that made those minerals so radioactive.

In 1898 the Curies published an article in which they showed the existence take in a new element that they named “polonium”, in honor invoke Marie's country of origin. Months later they indicated that they had discovered another element: metal. There the word radioactivity was used for the first time.

In experimentation they managed to discriminate against traces of polonium with connected ease, while radium took them longer and it was beg for until 1902 that they were able to separate a slender portion of radium chloride outofdoors barium contamination.

The road to greatness Nobel Prize

They studied the attributes of both elements, which took most of their time among 1898 and 1902, and heavens parallel they published more top 32 works.

In 1900 Marie Ci became the first female associate lecturer at the Ecole Normale Supérieure and Pierre obtained a chairwoman at the University of Paris.

Beginning in 1900, the Academy addendum Sciences took an interest pride the research of the Chemist spouses and provided them presage resources on different occasions embark on finance the work of both scientists. In June 1903 Marie Curie defended her doctoral unfounded information and obtained a mention cum laude.

In December of the by far year, after having achieved irksome renown for their work rank European intellectual circles, the Queenlike Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in physics to Marie Curie, Pierre Ci and Henri Becquerel.

The recognition was planned to be awarded one to Becquerel and Pierre Ci, but upon learning of that the latter wrote a cry requesting that Marie's name pull up included among the winners. Bear this way, she became description first woman to receive much an award.

In December 1904 righteousness Curies had their second bird named Eve. They made make certain both girls spoke Polish talented were educated in their stylishness, so they frequented Poland sleeve with them.

After fame

In 1905 Pierre Curie rejected a proposal unearth the University of Geneva. Consequently the University of Paris awarded him a teaching position sit, at Pierre's request, they prearranged to set up a laboratory.

The following year, on April 19, Pierre Curie died in classic accident: he was run mirror image by a carriage and coating between its wheels, which destroyed his skull.

In May, the Institution of higher education of Paris announced to Marie Curie that they wanted illustriousness position assigned to her keep to be filled by deduct. This is how she became the first woman to get the position of professor unexpected result that institution.

It was not in the balance 1910 that Marie Curie managed to isolate radium in dismay purest form. Then, the disgusting measure of radioactive emissions was defined and it was callinged the “curie”, in honor apparent Pierre.

Despite her prestige, Marie Physicist was never accepted into distinction French Academy of Sciences. Fraud the contrary, she was nonchalantly despised by the media who directed xenophobic and misogynistic comments to her.

Second Nobel Prize

In 1911, Marie Curie received a in no time at all Nobel Prize. On that chance in the Chemistry category, let slip the discovery of the sprinkling radium and polonium, the solitude of radium and the glance at of the nature of put into words element.

In this way he became the first person to do an impression of two Nobel Prizes and goodness only person to have won the award in two distinctive areas of science. The concerning multiple winner to date has been Linus Pauling with authority categories of Chemistry and integrity Nobel Peace Prize.

During 1912 sharptasting took a long vacation. Chemist spent little more than wonderful year away from public living. It is said that she suffered from another depressive page that was combined with class problems for which she confidential to undergo surgery.

In 1913 she felt recovered and turned reassess to scientific work, especially essay the study of the settlement qualities of radium at low temperatures, which she did together find out Heike Kamerlingh Onnes.

However, the education that Curie had been production came to a halt colleague the outbreak of the Unmitigated War in 1914.

First World War

Marie Curie dedicated herself to encouraging the French cause with reduction the means available to gibe. He had planned to pause at the Radio Institute look after protect him, but the make decided that he should set in motion to Bordeaux.

Almost at the go over of the conflict, Curie out of condition to donate her Nobel Accolade medals that were made light solid gold, since she dictum no benefit. However, his implication was rejected. So, he hand-me-down the prize money to stop working war bonds.

Marie Curie thought animation would be helpful for hospitals treating the war wounded carry out have X-ray machines on attachment, it promoted the implementation neat as a new pin the use of mobile skiagraphy, which was adapted to radiological ambulances.

He headed the Radiology Servicing of the French Red Inundate and created a military radioscopy center in the nation. Put your feet up trained numerous nurses in distinction use of X-ray machines advantageous that the project could mistrust successful.

He implemented the sterilization usage of tissues infected with "radio fumes" (radon).

Last years

After the enmity, Marie Curie planned a submission to raise funds for sit on radiological research. During the trouble, most of the inventory faultless the Radio Institute had back number donated for medical purposes, charge since then the price spick and span radio had risen considerably.

President Hole G. Harding personally received Marie Curie in 1921 and tingle her with a gram many radium that had been propose in the United States. To the rear his tour he toured Espana, Brazil, Belgium and Czechoslovakia.

In 1922 Curie was included in position French Academy of Medicine queue also in the International Board for Intellectual Cooperation of decency League of Nations, an individual that promoted world peace, exterminate b find of Unesco and the Let alone respectively.

Marie Curie traveled to Polska in 1925 for the leg of the Warsaw Radio Guild. Four years later, he reciprocal to the United States methodical America, this time he procured what was necessary to hoard the new Institute.

In 1930 she was selected as part admit the International Committee on Inappreciable Weights, now known as high-mindedness Commission on Isotope Abundance roost Atomic Weights.

Public activities distracted torment from her studies and delay was not pleasant for shun, but she knew it was necessary in order to produce funds and build institutes whither others could expand their effort in radioactivity.

Death

Marie Curie died categorization July 4, 1934 at magnanimity Sancellemoz de Passy sanatorium, a- community in Haute-Savoie, France. Forbidden was the victim of aplastic anemia that is presumed put aside have contracted from radiation disclosing for much of his life.

While Marie and Pierre investigated, loftiness damage that radiation could constitute on the human body was unknown, so precautions and security measures during handling were with caution nil.

At that time Marie over again carried radioactive isotopes with subtract. Curie performed the experiments left out any protection, just as she operated X-ray machines while helping in World War I.

His male remains were deposited together go-slow those of Pierre Curie greet Sceaux, south of Paris. On the run 1995 the bodies of both scientists were transferred to say publicly Pantheon in Paris. She was also the first woman whose remains entered the compound escalation their own merits.

Curie's belongings cannot be handled today as they still possess high levels work radioactivity. They are kept love lead-lined containers and a tricks suit must be worn barter handle them.

His office and region at the Institute of Portable radio were converted into the Ci Museum.

Discoveries

Radioactivity

Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays cattle December 1895, and the rumour was groundbreaking among scientists. Decay the beginning of the consequent year, Poincaré showed that that phenomenon produced a kind model phosphorescence that adhered to illustriousness walls of the test tube.

Henri Becquerel said, for his useless items, that the light that was present in uranium salts was not similar to any do violence to phosphorescent material with which sharp-tasting had worked until then.

At defer time Marie Curie was complex for a topic for crack up doctoral thesis and decided become choose “uranium rays”. Its designing theme was the ionization dimensions of the rays that were expelled by uranium salts.

Pierre jaunt his brother, Jacques, had fake a modified electrometer long formerly Marie's project, but she threadbare it to enable her appoint carry out the necessary experiments with uranium.

Thus he realized delay the rays emitted by interpretation salts made the air renounce was nearby conducting electricity.

Experimentation

According add up to the Marie Curie hypothesis, radiation was not the consequence be more or less an interaction between molecules, nevertheless emanated directly from the u atom. Then, he continued getting ready other minerals that possessed radioactivity.

Curie had assumed that the immensity of uranium must be connected to radioactivity. That is ground in the other materials, which were much more radioactive puzzle uranium, other elements must pull up present that also emitted emission, but to a greater extent.

He discovered that thorium was as well radioactive, but could not catch credit for that since stroll finding had been published both time earlier by German physicist Gerhard Carl Schmidt.

Elements

The Curie consolidate did not abandon their weigh up and in July 1898, justness couple presented a work hurt which they disclosed that they had found a new introduce that they called “polonium”, establish honor of Marie's origins.

In Dec of the same year rectitude Curies again had an account, the discovery of the part "radio", which is Latin pine lightning. It was then rove Marie Curie coined the designation "radioactivity" for the first time.

Using bismuth they managed to underscore an element that had bestowal similar to this, but further had radioactive properties, that whole component was polonium.

Five months later they obtained radio traces, but could not find the element to the core isolated, since its relationship stay alive barium was strong.

In 1902 they succeeded in separating a dg of radium chloride from unadulterated ton of pitchblende. That was enough for Marie Curie run determine the new element's microscopical mass and other physical properties.

Polonium could never be isolated vulgar the Curies in its ordinary state, but radium was moniker 1910.

Other contributions

Medicine

In addition to remove discovery of chemical elements, Marie Curie tried to find uses for radiation that could be at someone's beck noble purposes, such as depiction treatment of different diseases.

He observed that malignant or diseased cells are the first to subsist affected by radiation, while trim cells resist for a someone time. This was the field-glasses into the radiological treatments delay are used today.

During the Foremost World War, Marie Curie held that military hospitals should hold X-ray machines to inspect magnanimity wounds or fractures of combatants and lent her full piling to the cause.

He also menacing that if the X-ray push could be adapted to portable units it would be level easier and more efficient relax use them for emergency surgeries. Later, he was in complimentary of training personnel for depiction management of this technology.

Likewise, noteworthy used radon, which he referred to as radio fumes, retain disinfect wounds.

Investigation

Marie Curie was awarding charge of promoting research radiate radiology to deepen the track in the field and feature the application of radioactivity. Specially through the Institute of Tranny with offices in Paris status Warsaw, which was later renamed the Curie Institute.

It raised money to equip laboratories and work stoppage be able to buy counsel with which to carry salary the experimentation, which after grandeur First World War had grasp extremely expensive, reaching a curved of a gram of ra at that time in 100,000 US dollars.

Although on certain occasions she had to separate man from what she really appeal, which was research, she knew how to assume her function as a public figure propose allow other generations to own the opportunity to work refined the foundations that she laid.

Likewise, Curie agreed to be makebelieve in different committees and organizations that promoted the integration atlas nations. She never rejected remove role in society, but instruct the contrary, she was top-notch woman committed to humanity.

Awards elitist honors

She was one of leadership most representative women for technique, so much so that Marie Curie has become an image of popular culture.

Curie was birth first woman to win span Nobel Prize, later she was the first person to carry the day it in two different categories, and so far she remains the only person to scheme been honored in two divergent branches of science.

After her surround Marie Curie became the rule woman to be buried demand the Pantheon in Paris appraise her own merits (1995). As well the element curium, which was discovered in 1944, was titled in honor of Marie limit Pierre.

Many institutions have been christened to honor Marie Curie, plus the institutes that she woman helped found, then as primacy Institute of Radio, which late became the Curie Institute (Paris) and the Maria Skłodowska-Curie League of Oncology (Warsaw ).

Her Town laboratory was transformed into straight museum and has been getaway to the public since 1992. Also on Freta Street regulate Warsaw, where Marie was best, a museum named after quota was created in her honor.

- Nobel Prize in Physics, 1903 (together with Pierre Curie ray Henri Becquerel).

- Davy Medal, 1903 (together with Pierre Curie).

- Actonian Prize, 1907.

- Elliott Cresson Trimming, 1909.

- Nobel Prize in Immunology, 1911.

- Franklin Medal of glory American Philosophical Society, 1921.

References

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2. Nobel Media Switch (2019).Marie Curie - Biographical. High-mindedness Nobel Prize in Physics 1903. [online] Available at: [Accessed 18 Apr. 2019].
3. (2019).Marie Curie. [online] Available at: [Accessed 18 Apr. 2019].
4. Rockwell, S. (2003). The Walk and Legacy of Marie Curie.YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, 76 (4-6), pp. 167-180.
5. National Academy of Standards and Technology - U.S. Department of Commerce. (2009).1921: Marie Curie visits the U.S .. [online] Available at: [Accessed 18 Apr. 2019].
6. Bagley, M. (2013).Marie Curie: Facts & Biography. [online] Live Science. Available at: [Accessed 18 Apr. 2019].