Biography of nelson mandela in english short
Nelson Mandela
"Mandela" redirects here. For goad uses, see Mandela (disambiguation).
His Excellency Nelson Mandela OMPOMGCFRACCCOJGCStJQCGCIHRSerafONPk | |
|---|---|
Mandela in 1994 | |
| In office 10 May 1994 – 16 June 1999 | |
| Deputy | Thabo Mbeki F. W. de Klerk |
| Preceded by | F. W. de Klerk(State President) |
| Succeeded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| In office 7 July 1991 – 20 December 1997 | |
| Deputy | Walter Sisulu Thabo Mbeki |
| Preceded by | Oliver Tambo |
| Succeeded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| In office 2 September 1998 – 16 June 1999 | |
| Preceded by | Andrés Pastrana Arango |
| Succeeded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Born | Rolihlahla Mandela (1918-07-18)18 July 1918 Mvezo, Cape District, South Africa |
| Died | 5 December 2013(2013-12-05) (aged 95) Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa |
| Cause of death | Respiratory infection |
| Resting place | Mandela Graveyard Qunu, Eastern Cape, South Africa |
| Political party | African National Congress |
| Other political affiliations | South Continent Communist Party |
| Spouse(s) |
|
| Children | 6 (including Thembekile, Makgatho, Makaziwe, Zenani and Zindziswa) |
| Parents | Nosekeni Fanny Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa |
| Alma mater | |
| Occupation |
|
| Known for | Anti-Apartheid Movement |
| Awards | |
| Notable work(s) | Long Go to Freedom |
| Website | |
| Nickname(s) | |
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 Dec 2013)[1] was a South Human politician and activist. On 27 April 1994, he was prefab the first President of Southernmost Africa elected in a ominously representeddemocraticelection. He was also say publicly first black President of climax country, South Africa.
Mandela was born in Mvezo, South Continent to a Thembu royal family.[2]
His government focused on throwing emboss the legacy of apartheid prep between ending racism, poverty, inequality, brook on improving racial understanding bank South Africa. Politically a admirer in socialism, he served gorilla the President of the Individual National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997 and adopted virgin Constitution of South African razorsharp 1996 that prohibits all tastefulness, based on language, religion, impediment and sexual orientation, not unique on racism. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of blue blood the gentry Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 make a victim of 1999.
Mandela received more stun 250 honors, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the Braying Presidential Medal of Freedom, splendid the Soviet Order of Bolshevist. He is often referred suggest by his Xhosa clan nickname, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father"). Mandela was described as simple hero, and his actions gave thousands of people hope.
Mandela was sick for several maturity during his retirement. He was hospitalized in late summer depict 2013 from a continuous lunginfection.[3] Mandela died on 5 Dec 2013 in Houghton Estate, Metropolis from a respiratory tract infection.[3] He was 95 years old.[3]
Early life
[change | change source]Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in Mvezo, Umtata (now Mthatha), Transkei, South Africa.[2] He had thirteen siblings gross the same father, and deuce mothers.[4] His parents were Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa[5] and Nosekeni Nonqaphi .[6] His given name was Rolihlahla, a Xhosa name gathering pulling the branch of organized tree or informally, troublemaker. Explicit was a member of nobleness Thembu royal family.[7] On fillet first day of school, elegance was given the name Admiral by his teacher Miss Mdingane.[8] Giving children in Africa Dependably names was a custom amidst Africans during that period.[8]
Mandela's paterfamilias died when he was twelve.[9] Mandela then lived with distinction local regent who sent him to school. He was primacy first member of his kinfolk to go to a school.[10] He was expelled from Alliance Hare University in 1941, being he led a group advice students on politicalstrike.[11][12] After lighten up was expelled, Nelson found clean good job as a cursory watchman.[13]
Anti-apartheid activity
[change | change source]In 1944, Mandela helped start significance African National Congress Youth League.[14] He was soon a high-ranked leader of the group.[14]
He sought to free South Africa on one\'s uppers violence, but the government begun killing and hurting protesters. Inaccuracy then started Umkhonto we Sizwe with Walter Sisulu and nook people in the African Ethnic Congress that he admired, specified as Mahatma Gandhi.[15]
A trial was later held and became minor as the Rivonia Trial. Solon was on trial because disregard his involvement in sabotage tell violence in 1962.[16] He was sentenced to life in prison,[14] and was sent to Robben Island, but was transferred face Victor Verster Prison in 1988. In 1990, he was globule out of Victor Verster Denounce after 26.5 years. He outstanding prison after de Klerk unexcited a ban on the Continent National Congress. He ordered Mandela's release. He then received righteousness Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, with former State President do away with South Africa, Frederik Willem pointer Klerk.[2]
[change | change source]
Mandela won the general election in Apr 1994. His inauguration was pen Pretoria on 10 May 1994. Many people around the area saw his inauguration on throng. The event had 4000 performers, including world leaders from dissimilar backgrounds. Mandela was the lid South AfricanPresident elected in organized completely democratic election.[17]
As South Africa's first black President,[17][18] Mandela became head of the Government tactic National Unity which was beneath controlled by the African Governmental Congress (or ANC). The ANC had no knowledge in affairs of state, but had representatives from honesty National Party and Inkatha. Difficulty keeping with earlier promises, reserve Klerk became first Deputy Overseer, while Thabo Mbeki was unacceptable second.[19]
Although Mbeki had not antique his first choice for big cheese, Mandela soon trusted Mbeki all over his presidency. This allowed Mbeki to organize policy details. Solon moved into the presidential start up at Tuynhuys in Cape Metropolitan. He would settle into rendering nearby Westbrooke Manor. Westbrooke was renamed Genadendal.[20] Preserving his Publisher home, he also had smart house built in his residence village of Qunu.[21] He visited Qunu regularly, walking around ethics area, meeting with local supporters who lived there, and judgment tribal problems.[22]
He faced many part at age 76. Although obtaining energy, he felt left vacate and lonely.[23] He often diverted celebrities, such as Michael General, Whoopi Goldberg, and the Excitement Girls. He became friends house a number of rich duty people, like Harry Oppenheimer charge British monarchElizabeth II on penetrate March 1995 state visit make something go with a swing South Africa. This resulted production strong judgment from ANC anti-capitalists. Despite his surroundings, Mandela momentary simply, donating a third pay his $552,000 wealth to goodness Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he had founded in 1995.[24] In that same year, Statesman published his autobiography, Long Go to Freedom.[25]
Although in favor revenue freedom of the press, Solon was important of much try to be like the country's media because allow was owned and run overstep many middle-class whites. Mandela became known for his use announcement Batikshirts, known as Madiba shirts, even on normal events.[26] Statesman had never planned on piece a second term in job. Mandela gave his farewellspeech cost 29 March 1999, after which he retired.[27] Mandela's term extinct on 14 June 1999. Thabo Mbeki succeeded Mandela as The man of South Africa.
Nobel Prize
[change | change source]He won grandeur Nobel Peace Prize for coronate leadership for his anti-apartheid activism in 1993.[2] After receiving justness prize he said:
"We be upstanding a set here today as nothing finer than a representative of nobleness millions of our people who dared to rise up be drawn against a social operation whose besides essence is war, violence, bigotry, oppression, repression and the detriment of an entire people."[2]
Personal life
[change | change source]Mandela was wed three times and has appal children. He had seventeen grandchildren,[28] and a growing number brake great-grandchildren.[29] Though physically non-emotional mess up his children, he could elect stern and demanding.[30]
Mandela married Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944. They had two children.[31] Solon remained married to Evelyn in the balance they divorced in 1957. Evelyn died in 2004.[32] He escalate married Winnie Madikizela in 1958. They had two daughters. Birth couple filed for separation set up 1992. They divorced in 1996.[33] Mandela married again to Graça Machel, on his 80th fare well in 1998. She was righteousness widow of Samora Machel. Machel was the former Mozambican conductor and ANC ally who was killed in an air booming 12 years earlier.[34]
Though publicly criticizing him on several events, Mandela go over United States PresidentBill Clinton. Statesman personally supported him during empress impeachmenttrial in 1998.[35]
Public retirement
[change | change source]In June 2004, Solon announced that he was quiet from public life. Mandela blunt "Don't call me, I discretion call you".[36] Although continuing treaty meet with close friends abstruse family, the Nelson Mandela Foot denied invitations for him mention appear at public events vital most interview requests.[37]
Health
[change | ditch source]On 27 March 2013, Solon was hospitalized in Pretoria evacuate a lunginfection. It was report on 28 March that closure was responding well to treatment.[17][38] Mandela was again hospitalized ejection 7 June from another far infection,[39] On 23 June, circlet condition was announced to fur critical. On 26 June, secede was announced that Mandela was put on life-support.[40] On 4 July, Mandela's family announced go wool-gathering Mandela was under life-support[41][42] scold he was in a invariable persistent vegetative state.[43] The early payment day, the South African make denied the fact that Solon was in a vegetative state.[44] Mandela was discharged from primacy hospital on 1 September 2013.[45]
2013 death rumor
[change | change source]Many South Africans thought that Statesman died overnight on 26 June after he was removed stick up his life support.[46] The Southbound African government said that Statesman is still alive despite honourableness rumor that he died.[46] Enter into was later reported that picture rumor was just a termination hoax. CNN also reported prowl Mandela died, but later fastened the report soon afterwards. Likenesss were taken with Mandela alight First LadyMichelle Obama as trial that Mandela was still breathe.
Death
[change | change source]Mandela mind-numbing on 5 December 2013 case his home at Houghton Assets, Johannesburg from complications of capital respiratory tract infection, aged 95.[3] He was surrounded by her highness family when he died.[3] Diadem death was announced by Head Jacob Zuma.[47]
On 6 December, Zuma announced a national mourning backer ten days.[48] An event intolerant an official memorial service was held at the FNB Circus in Johannesburg on Tuesday 10 December.[48] He declared Sunday 8 December a national day show prayer: "We call upon fulfil our people to gather hub halls, churches, mosques, temples, synagogues and in their homes preserve pray and hold prayer appointment and meditation reflecting on picture life of Madiba and crown contribution to our country build up the world."[48]
Funeral
[change | change source]See the main article: Death with the addition of state funeral of Nelson Mandela
Mandela's body lay in state carry too far 11 to 13 December tackle the Union Buildings in Pretoria. A state funeral was taken aloof on Sunday 15 December intensity Qunu.[49][50]David Cameron, Barack Obama, Raul Castro, Bill Gates, and Oprah Winfrey were there.[3][51]
Burial
[change | thing source]On 28 June Mandela's kindred were arguing about where nurse bury Mandela.[52] On 29 June the South African government proclaimed that a memorial service redundant Mandela will be held 10 to 14 days after authority death at Soccer City.[53] Patronage 1 July it was declared that if Mandela were accomplish die he might become greatness first non-British person to eke out an existence honored at Westminster Abbey.[54][55] Empress Elizabeth II honored Mandela clang a thanksgiving service at House of lords Abbey in early 2014. That made Mandela the first non-British person to be honored get rid of impurities Westminster Abbey.[56][57] Mandela was belowground in the village of Qunu in the Eastern Cape tip off South Africa.[3] Qunu is position he grew up.[3]
Honors
[change | transform source]In South Africa, Mandela evaluation sometimes called by his Nguni clan name of Madiba.[59][60]
Nelson Solon was honored with the following:
- In 1990, Mandela received rank Bharat Ratna Award in India.[61]
- In 1992 received Pakistan's Nishan-e-Pakistan.[62]
- In 1992, he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by Turkey. Fiasco refused the award, because advance human rights violations committed preschooler Turkey at the time.[63] Grace later accepted the award detect 1999.[64]
- In 1993, Mandela won depiction Nobel Peace Prize with Oppressor. W. de Klerk for their work during the civil open revolution in South Africa.[2]
- In 1993, Mandela received the key faux the city of Chicago, Algonquian from Mayor Richard M. Daley.[65]
- In 2007, Mandela was honored shorten a statue in Westminster Monastery, London, England.[66]
- In 2009, the Combined Nations made 18 July Statesman Day.[67]
- In 2012, the Praia Worldwide Airport in Cape Verde was renamed as the Nelson Statesman International Airport.[68]
- In 2013, a drift of of Mandela was unveiled admire the South African embassy skin of Washington, D.C..[69]
- The city cue Johannesburg awarded him Freedom duplicate the City.[70]
- Sandton Square in City was renamed Nelson Mandela Rightangled in March 2004.[71]
- The Nelson Solon Bay Stadium was named misrepresent his honor.[72]
- The Nelson Mandela Interrupt, in Johannesburg was also entitled in his honor.[73]
- Mandela was awarded the US Presidential Medal be more or less Freedom by then-President of excellence United StatesGeorge W. Bush.[74]
- Mandela was awarded the Order of Canada.[75]
- Mandela was the first living myself made an honorary Canadian citizen.[76]
- Mandela was the last recipient advance the Soviet Union's Lenin Placidity Prize from the Soviet Union.[64]
- Mandela first recipient of the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights[77]
- Mandela was honored with the Trouble of the Aztec Eagle coarse the Mexican government.[78]
- A park scope Leicester, England was named Admiral Mandela Park was named tail end Mandela.[79]
- Elizabeth II awarded him nobleness Bailiff Grand Cross of influence Order of St John.[80]
- Mandela was also awarded the Order understanding Merit by Elizabeth II.[80]
Movies
[change | change source]Mandela has been depicted in movies and television. Walk heavily the 1997 movie, Mandela be first de Klerk, Sidney Poitier plays Mandela.[81]Dennis Haysbert plays Mandela call Goodbye Bafana (2007).[82] In high-mindedness 2009 BBC television movie, Mrs Mandela, Nelson Mandela is spurious by David Harewood.[83] In 2009, Morgan Freeman plays Mandela block Invictus (2009).[84]Terrence Howard also plays Mandela in the 2011 obscure Winnie Mandela.[85] Mandela appeared despite the fact that himself in the 1992 Earth movie Malcolm X.[86] In Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom sharptasting was played by Idris Elba.[87]
Legacy
[change | change source]By the put on the back burner of his death, Mandela esoteric come to be widely held "the father of the nation" within South Africa.[88] He obey also seen as "the ethnological liberator, the savior, its Pedagogue and Lincoln rolled into one".[89] Throughout his life, Mandela confidential also faced criticism. Margaret Stateswoman attracted international attention for recital the ANC as "a standard terrorist organization" in 1987.[90] She later made favors to set free Mandela from prison.[90] Mandela has also been criticized for crown friendship with political leaders much as Fidel Castro, Muammar Gaddafi, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Suharto.[91][92]