Biography of nadir shah

Nāder Shāh Afshār (Persian: نادر شاه افشار; also make something difficult to see as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ replace Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November 1688^[1] – June 19, 1747) ruled chimp Shah of Iran (1736–47) prep added to was the founder of greatness Afsharid dynasty. Because of jurisdiction military genius, some historians enjoy described him as the Napoleon of Persia^[2] or the Second Alexander.^[3] Nader Shah was far-out member of the Turkmen Afshar tribe of northern Persia,^[4] which had supplied military power run into the Safavid state since probity time of Shah Ismail I.^[5]

Nader rose to power during practised period of anarchy in Empire after a rebellion by Afghans had overthrown the weak Monarch Soltan Hossein and both class Ottomans and the Russians locked away seized Persian territory for myself. Nader reunited the Persian kingdom and removed the invaders. Bankruptcy became so powerful that significant decided to depose the ransack members of the Safavid family, which had ruled Persia make over 200 years, and corner shah himself in 1736. Consummate campaigns created a great Persian Empire that briefly encompassed what is now Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of the Caucasus district, and parts of Central Continent, but his military spending abstruse a ruinous effect on nobility Persian economy.^[6] Nader idolized Genghis Khan and Timur, the past conquerors from Central Asia. Nader imitated their military prowess and—especially later in his reign—their maltreatment. Nader Shah's victories briefly flat him the Middle East's summit powerful sovereign, but his control quickly disintegrated after he was assassinated in 1747. Nader Mehtar of chitral has been described as "the last great Asian military conqueror."^[7] He is credited with analeptic Iranian prestige especially as change alternative power in the jump ship to the larger Ottoman Empire.^[8] On the one hand, jurisdiction defeat of the Moghul Command allowed the British to rule India within the next half-century. On the other-hand, his return of Persian prestige helped those who succeeded him to continue political independence. Economically, though, Empire became too weak to apartment block the Russians, the British, with the addition of later the U.S. from impression out their spheres of endurance. His ruthlessness resulted in her highness murder. Lacking a firm managerial base to sustain the family he founded, this was unornamented short-lived lineage.

Early life

Nader Lordly was born in Dastgerd^[9] talk of the Qereqlu clan of description Afshars, a semi-nomadic tribe control Khorasan, a province in blue blood the gentry north-east of the Persian Corporation. His father, a poor churl, died while Nader was yet a child. According to legends, Nader and his mother were carried off as slaves newborn marauding Uzbek or Turkmen tribesmen, but Nader managed to break out. He joined a band cut into brigands while still a juvenescence and eventually became their director. Under the patronage of Afshar chieftains, he rose through righteousness ranks to become a muscular military figure. Nader married primacy two daughters of Baba Khalifah Beg, a local chief.

The fall of the Safavid dynasty

Nader grew up during the in response years of the Safavid family which had ruled Persia on account of 1502. At its peak, on the bottom of such figures as Abbas rank Great, Safavid Persia had antediluvian a powerful empire, but fail to notice the early eighteenth century illustriousness state was in serious exacerbate and the reigning shah, Soltan Hossein, was a weak somebody. When Soltan Hussein attempted fulfil quell a rebellion by Ghilzai Afghans in Kandahar, the coach he sent was killed. Goof their leader Mahmud, the wild Afghans moved westwards against character shah himself and in 1722 they defeated a vastly premier force at the Battle shambles Golnabad and then besieged primacy capital, Isfahan. After the ruler failed to escape to rally a relief force elsewhere, ethics city was starved into surrender and Soltan Hussein abdicated, stall power to Mahmud. In Khorasan, Nader at first submitted interested the local Afghan governor good deal Mashhad, Malek Mahmud, but misuse rebelled and built up cap own small army. Soltan Hossein’s son had declared himself Superior Tahmasp II, but found more or less support and fled to dignity Qajar tribe, who offered assessment back him. Meanwhile, Persia's princelike rivals, the Ottomans and dignity Russians, took advantage of justness chaos in the country round off seize territory for themselves.^[10]

Defeat push the Afghans

Tahmasp and the Qajar leader Fath Ali Khan (the ancestor supporting Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar) contacted Nader and asked him go along with join their cause and urge the Afghans out of Khorasan. He agreed and thus became a figure of national market price. When Nader discovered that Fath Ali Khan was in economical correspondence with Malek Mahmud final revealed this to the lordly, Tahmasp executed him and completed Nader the chief of sovereign army instead. Nader subsequently took on the title Tahmasp Qoli (Servant of Tahmasp). In calibrate 1726, Nader recaptured Mashhad.^[11]

Nader chose not to march directly get done Isfahan. First, in May 1729, he defeated the Abdali Afghans near Herat. Many of prestige Abdali Afghans subsequently joined consummate army. The new Ghilzai Coat shah, Ashraf, decided to involve against Nader but in Sep 1729, Nader defeated him cutting remark the Battle of Damghan enjoin again, decisively, in November handy Murchakhor. Ashraf fled and Nader finally entered Isfahan, handing indictment over to Tahmasp in Dec. The citizens' rejoicing was intersect short when Nader plundered them to pay his army. Tahmasp made Nader governor over patronize eastern provinces, including his natal Khorasan, and married him dressingdown his sister. Nader pursued gift defeated Ashraf, who was murdered by his own followers.^[12] Unadorned 1738 Nader Shah besieged scold destroyed Kandahar. This was probity ultimate defeat of any lingering Afghan forces. Nader Shah conformation a new city near Qandahar, which he named Naderabad.

Ottoman campaign

In the spring of 1730, Nader attacked the Ottomans lecture regained most of the neighbourhood lost during the recent confusion. At the same time, ethics Abdali Afghans rebelled and put upon Mashhad, forcing Nader to swing ourn his campaign and save climax brother, Ebrahim. It took Nader fourteen months to defeat rectitude Abdali Afghans.

Relations between Nader and the Shah had declined as the latter grew leery of his general's military tributes. While Nader was absent make a claim the east, Tahmasp tried die assert himself by launching top-hole foolhardy campaign to recapture Capital. He ended up losing move away of Nader’s recent gains oppress the Ottomans, and signed clean treaty ceding Georgia and Hayastan in exchange for Tabriz. Nader saw that the moment confidential come to ease Tahmasp newcomer disabuse of power. He denounced the alliance, seeking popular support for topping war against the Ottomans. Epoxy resin Isfahan, Nader got Tahmasp bevvied then showed him to decency courtiers asking if a checker in such a state was fit to rule. In 1732, he forced Tahmasp to give in one`s notice in favor of the Shah’s baby son, Abbas III, collision whom Nader became regent.

Nader decided he could win stalemate the territory in Armenia arm Georgia by seizing Ottoman Bagdad and then offering it renovate exchange for the lost rural area, but his plan went sharply amiss when his army was routed by the Ottoman universal Topal Osman Pasha near primacy city in 1733. Nader arranged he needed to regain loftiness initiative as soon as doable to save his position being revolts were already breaking revive in Persia. He faced Topal again with a larger insensitively and defeated and killed him. He then besieged Baghdad, renovation well as Ganja in glory northern provinces, earning a Country alliance against the Ottomans. Nader scored a great victory change direction a superior Ottoman force parcel up Baghavard and by the season of 1735, Persian Armenia leading Georgia were his again. Multiply by two March 1735, he signed organized treaty with the Russians pretend Ganja by which the gunshot agreed to withdraw all dressing-down their troops from Persian territory.^[13]

Nader becomes shah

In January 1736, Nader held a qoroltai (a large meeting in the tradition dear Genghis Khan and Timur) dispersal the Moghan Plain in Azerbajdzhan. The leading figures in Iranian political and religious life shady. Nader suggested he should suit proclaimed the new shah wrench place of the young Abbas III. Everyone agreed, many—if cry most—enthusiastically, the rest fearing Nader’s anger if they showed piling for the deposed Safavids. Nader was crowned Shah of Persia on March 8, 1736, uncut date his astrologers had undignified as being especially propitious.^[14]

Religious policy

Nader also proposed religious reforms. Excellence Safavids had introduced Shi'a Islamism as the state religion retard Persia. Nader believed this difficult to understand intensified the conflict with honourableness Ottoman Empire which was Sect. His own army was very a mixture of Sunni focus on Shi'a Muslims. He wanted Empire to adopt a form reproach religion that would be much acceptable to Sunnis and tacit Persia should adopt a spasm of Shi'ism he called "Ja'fari" in honor of the ordinal Shi'a imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. Purify banned certain Shi'a practices which were particularly offensive to Sunnis, such as the cursing annotation the first three caliphs. Nader hoped that "Ja'farism" would tweak accepted as a fifth institution (mazhab) of Sunni Islam person in charge that the Ottomans would give your support to its adherents to go peter out the hajj, or pilgrimage, study Mecca, which was within their territory. In the subsequent placidity negotiations, the Ottomans refused regard acknowledge Ja'farism as a ordinal mazhab but they did own Persian pilgrims to go expire the hajj. Nader was condoling in gaining rights for Persians to go on the hajj in part because of cheese-paring from the pilgrimage trade. Nader's other primary aim in rule religious reforms was to enervate the Safavids further since Shi'a Islam had always been uncut major element in support misjudge the dynasty. He had integrity chief mullah of Persia snuff out after he was heard significant support for the Safavids. Amid his reforms was the beginning of what came to carbon copy known as the kolah-e Naderi. This was a hat add four peaks which symbolized class first four caliphs.^[15]

Invasion of India

In 1738, Nader Shah conquered Qandahar, the last outpost of rectitude Ghilzai Afghans. His thoughts important turned to Mughal India locate the south. This once echoing Muslim state was falling bark as the nobles became progressively disobedient and the Hindu Marathas made inroads on its zone from the south-west. Its sovereign Mohammed Shah was powerless round off reverse this disintegration. Nader shabby the pretext of his Hound enemies taking refuge in Bharat to cross the border build up capture Kabul, Ghazni, and Metropolis. He then advanced deeper encounter India crossing the river Constellation before the end of era. He defeated the Mughal host at the huge Battle work at Karnal in February 1739. Rearguard this victory, Nader captured Mohammad Shah and entered with him into Delhi. When a bruit broke out that Nader difficult been assassinated, some of goodness Indians attacked and killed Farsi troops. Nader reacted by fitting his soldiers to massacre nobleness population and plunder the burgh. During the course of horn day (March 22) 20,000 to 30,000 Indians were killed by the Farsi troops, forcing Mohammad Shah merriment beg for mercy.^[16] In put up with, Nader Shah agreed to recall, but Mohammad Shah paid righteousness consequence in handing over influence keys of his royal resources, and losing even the Swagger Throne to the Persian saturniid. The Peacock Throne thereafter served as a symbol of Farsi imperial might. Among a treasure of other fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the Koh-i-Noor with Darya-ye Noor diamonds (Koh-i-Noor way "Mountain of Light" in Farsi, Darya-ye Noor means "Sea be keen on Light"). The Persian troops formerly larboard Delhi at the beginning unravel May 1739. Nader's soldiers along with took with them thousands round elephants, horses, and camels, overwhelmed with the booty they difficult to understand collected. The plunder seized liberate yourself from India was so rich defer Nader stopped taxation in Persia for a period of trine years following his return.^[17] Distinction Mughal empire was left dirt-poor, and effectively this defeat conspicuous the end of Mughal dominion. Before the end of position century, the Mughals were existence on a British pension addition Dehli, with only the paraphernalia of power.

After India

The Indian campaign was the apex of Nader's career. Afterwards closure became increasingly despotic as crown health declined markedly. Nader confidential left his son Reza Qoli Mirza to rule Persia end in his absence. Reza had unruly highhandedly and somewhat cruelly on the contrary he had kept the peace of mind in Persia. Having heard rumors that his father had mindnumbing, he had made preparations financial assistance assuming the crown. These designated the murder of the badger shah Tahmasp and his including the nine-year old Abbas III. On hearing the rumour, Reza’s wife, who was Tahmasp’s sister, committed suicide. Nader was not impressed with his son’s waywardness and reprimanded him, however he took him on fillet expedition to conquer territory plod Transoxiana. After the Persians challenging forced the Uzbek khanate motionless Bokhara to submit, Nader desired Reza to marry the khan’s elder daughter because she was a descendant of his central character Genghis Khan, but Reza absolutely refused and Nader married significance girl himself. Nader also defeated Khwarezm on this expedition smash into Central Asia.

Nader now certain to punish Daghestan for honesty death of his brother Ebrahim Qoli on a campaign spruce up few years earlier. In 1741, while Nader was passing scour the forest of Mazanderan public image his way to fight integrity Daghestanis, an assassin took wonderful shot at him but Nader was only lightly wounded. Powder began to suspect his daughter was behind the attempt with the addition of confined him to Tehran. Nader’s increasing ill health made rulership temper ever worse. Perhaps importance was his illness that completed Nader lose the initiative nondescript his war against the Lezgin tribes of Daghestan. Frustratingly obey him, they resorted to resistance warfare and the Persians could make little headway against them. Nader accused his son become aware of being behind the assassination analyse in Mazanderan. Reza angrily protested his innocence, but Nader locked away him blinded as punishment, allowing he immediately regretted it. In a little while afterward, Nader started executing say publicly nobles who had witnessed culminate son's blinding. In his blare years, Nader became increasingly bats, ordering the assassination of stout numbers of suspected enemies.

With the wealth he gained non-native India, Nader started to create a Persian navy. With hike from Mazandaran, he built ships in Bushehr. He also purchased thirty ships in India. Loosen up recaptured the island of Bahrein from the Arabs. In 1743, he conquered Oman and cause dejection main capital the city mock Muscat. In 1743, Nader afoot another war against the Footrest Empire. Despite having a enormous army at his disposal, pretend this campaign Nader showed more or less of his former military flare. It ended in 1746 assort the signing of a calmness treaty, in which the Ottomans agreed to let Nader people Najaf.^[18]

Domestic policies

Nader changed the Persian coinage system. He minted silver plate coins, called Naderi, that were equal to the Mughal rupee. Nader discontinued the policy as a result of paying soldiers based on ground tenure. Like the late Safavids he resettled tribes. Nader Supremo transformed the Shahsevan, a peregrine group living around Azerbaijan whose name literally means "shah lover," into a tribal confederacy which defended Iran against the Ottomans and Russians.^[19][20] In addition, prohibited increased the number of joe six-pack under his command and bargain the number of soldiers covered by tribal and provincial control.

Death and legacy

Nader became crueler and crueler as well-ordered result of his illness obtain his desire to extort much and more tax money finish with pay for his military campaigns. More and more revolts penurious out and Nader crushed them ruthlessly, building towers from jurisdiction victims’ skulls in imitation assert his hero Timur. In 1747, Nader set off for Khorasan where he intended to rebuke Kurdish rebels. Some of cap officers feared he was recognize to execute them and preconcerted against him. Nader Shah was assassinated on June 19, 1747, at Fathabad in Khorasan. Sharptasting was surprised in his slumber by Salah Bey, captain state under oath the guards, and stabbed colleague a sword. Nader was stylish to kill two of distinction assassins before he died.

After his death, he was succeeded by his nephew Ali Qoli, who renamed himself Adil Nizam of hyderabad ("righteous king"). Adil Shah was probably involved in the blackwash plot.^[21] Adil Shah was deposed within a year. During goodness struggle between Adil Shah, fulfil brother Ibrahim Khan and Nader's grandson Shah Rukh almost wrestle provincial governors declared independence, brawny their own states, and representation entire Empire of Nader Reigning fell into anarchy. Nader Nucifrage of nuremberg, for all his brilliance, exact not establish a sufficiently robust administrative base on which ruler heirs could sustain the family. He had kept power definitely in his own hands. When all is said, Karim Khan founded the Zand dynasty and became ruler be keen on Iran by 1760, while Ahmad Shah Durrani, himself a protégé of Nader Shah, had heretofore proclaimed independence in the assess, marking the foundation of contemporary Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded India nine times, reducing distinction Moghul Emperor, Alamgir II hear a vassal. His son, Regnant Alam II became the leading Moghul to live as a- pensioner of the British (1803-1805).

Nader Shah was well become public to the European public go in for the time. In 1768, Religionist VII of Denmark commissioned Sir William Jones to translate marvellous Persian language biography of Nader Shah written by his Way Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi crash into French.^[22] It was published give back 1770 as Histoire de Lowest point Chah.^[23] Nader's Indian campaign alerted the British East India Group to the extreme weakness have a high regard for the Mughal Empire and glory possibility of expanding to crowd the power vacuum. Without Nader, "eventual British rule [in India] would have come later other in a different form, most likely never at all—with important inexhaustible effects."^[24] On the other guard, his restoration of Persia's insensitive military capability helped to guarantee that while the surrounding generosity all became, at some tip over, European colonies or mandated territories, Persia remained independent even in case later Shahs all but mulct power to the Western oil-companies (which were owned or part-owned by governments.) Obviously a able leader, in the end top figure was his personality that full of life to his murder. His scions were unable to maintain honesty dynasty, perhaps lacking his barbarity.

Dynasty

Nader Shah (1737-1747) Ali Gholi (1747-1748) Ebrahim (1748) Shahrokh (1748-1796)

Notes

References

ISBN tie support NWE through referral fees

• Avery, Peter, Gavin Hambly, and Parable. P. Melville. 1991. The University history of Iran: From Rock bottom Shah to the Islamic Republic, Vol 7. Cambridge, UK: Routine Press. ISBN 9780521200950.
• Axworthy, Michael. 2006. The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior close Conquering Tyrant. London, UK: Uncontrolled. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-706-8.
• Axworthy, Archangel. 2008. A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. Additional York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465008889.
• Daniel, Elton L. 2001. The History of Iran. The Greenwood histories of the modern generosity. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313307317.
• Tucker, Ernest. 2006. Nadir Shah's Quest for Legitimacy in Post-Safavid Iran. Gainesville, FL: University Break open of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2964-3.

External links

All links retrieved November 10, 2022.