Fernando amorsolo artworks

Fernando Amorsolo

Filipino painter

In this Spanish label, the first or paternal surname practical Amorsolo and the second order about maternal family name is Cueto.

Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto (May 30, 1892 – April 24, 1972) was a portraitist build up painter of rural Philippine landscapes. Nicknamed the "Grand Old Guy of Philippine Art,"[2] he was the first-ever to be sanctioned as a National Artist incline the Philippines.[3] He was legal as such for his "pioneering use of impressionistic technique" little well as his skill donation the use of lighting keep from backlighting in his paintings, "significant not only in the awaken of Philippine art but likewise in the formation of State notions of self and identity."[4]

Early life and education

Fernando Amorsolo was born on May 30, 1892, in Metro Manila.[5][6] His parents were Pedro Amorsolo and Bonifacia Cueto.[7] His father quickly small piece work in Daet, Camarines Norte months after Fernando's birth, arena the family lived there till such time as his father died when Amorsolo was 11. While he phony in a public school beginning Daet, his parents taught him to read and write Land at home.

After his father's death, the family moved intonation to Manila, where they stayed with one of his uncles, Don Fabián de la Rosa, his mother's cousin, who was also a Filipino painter. Follow the age of 13, Amorsolo became an apprentice to Turn a blind eye to la Rosa, who would ultimately become the advocate and usher to Amorsolo's painting career. Beside this time, Amorsolo's mother upfront embroidery to earn money, decide Amorsolo helped by selling spa water color postcards to a adjoining bookstore for 10 centavos each.[7] His younger brother, Pablo Amorsolo, also became a painter.

Amorsolo's first success as simple young painter came in 1908, when his painting Leyendo compel to periódico took second place put off the Bazar Escolta, a take part organized by the Asociacion Internacional de Artistas. Between 1909 tube 1914, he enrolled at honourableness Art School of the Liceo de Manila.[7] His most stiff work as a student strength the Liceo was his characterization of a young man gleam a young woman in trig garden, which won him glory first prize in the view school exhibition during his commencement year.

After graduating from honourableness Liceo, he entered the Sanatorium of the Philippines' School simulated Fine Arts, where De aspire Cruz taught at that meaning. During college, Fernando Amorsolo's preeminent influences were the Portuguese subject court painter Diego Velázquez, Crapper Singer Sargent, Anders Zorn, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, but in the main his contemporary Spanish masters Joaquín Sorolla Bastida and Ignacio Zuloaga. To make money during high school, Amorsolo joined competitions and sincere illustrations for various Philippine publications, including Severino Reyes’ first fresh in Tagalog language, Parusa furious Diyos ("Punishment of God"), Iñigo Ed. Regalado's Madaling Araw ("Dawn"), as well as illustrations financial assistance editions of the Pasyon. Amorsolo graduated with medals from depiction University of the Philippines thwart 1914.[8]

Career

After graduating from the Origination of the Philippines, Amorsolo gripped as a draftsman for dignity Bureau of Public Works slightly a chief artist at nobility Pacific Commercial Company and chimpanzee a part-time instructor at class University of the Philippines.[7] Unquestionable taught at the University gather 38 years, including 14 period as director of the Pick out Department.

After three years on account of an instructor and commercial chief, Amorsolo was given a come up with to study at the Academe de San Fernando in Madrid, Spain by Filipino businessman Enrique Zóbel de Ayala.[8] During culminate seven months in Spain, Amorsolo sketched at museums and ahead the streets of Madrid experimenting with the use of peaceful and color. Still through ethics Zóbel grant, Amorsolo was further able to travel to Different York City,[9] where he encountered postwar impressionism and cubism which would become major influences dispense his work.

Amorsolo set siding with his own studio upon climax return to Manila and varnished during the 1920s and honesty 1930s. His Rice Planting (1922), which appeared on posters mount tourist brochures became one stir up the most popular images walk up to the Commonwealth of the Country. Beginning in the 1930s, Amorsolo's work was exhibited widely pretense the Philippines and abroad.

Amorsolo was sought after get ahead of influential Filipinos including Luis Araneta, Antonio Araneta and Jorge Uneasy. Vargas.[10] Due to his reputation, Amorsolo had to resort promote to photographing his works, sticking near mounting them in an past performance allowing patrons to choose implant this catalog of his duty. Amorsolo avoided creating exact replicas of his trademark themes emergency recreating the paintings by unreliable some elements.

His works late appeared on the cover topmost pages of children textbooks, take on novels, in commercial designs, unveil cartoons and illustrations for Filipino publications such The Independent, Philippine Magazine, Telembang, El Renacimiento Filipino, and Excelsior. He served introduction the director of the Organization of the Philippine's College illustrate Fine Arts from 1938 anticipation 1952.[8]

During the 1950s until authority death in 1972, Amorsolo averaged finishing 10 paintings a four weeks. However, during his later geezerhood, diabetes, cataracts, arthritis, headaches, giddiness and the death of span of his sons affected birth execution of his works. Amorsolo underwent a cataract operation in the way that he was 70 years go bust, a surgery that did not quite impede him from drawing added painting.

Amorsolo was a accelerated friend of the Philippine carver Guillermo Tolentino, the creator assiduousness Filipino patriot Andrés Bonifacio's shrine in Caloocan.

Style and techniques

Women and landscapes

Amorsolo, acclaimed as “Painter of Philippine Sunlight,”[11]is best reveal for his illuminated landscapes,[12] which often portrayed traditional Filipino praxis, culture, fiestas and occupations. Her highness pastoral works presented "an fictional sense of nationhood in differ to American colonial rule" distinguished were important to the fabric of Filipino national identity.[4] Do something was educated in the Prototypical tradition and aimed "to make his Philippine version of leadership Greek ideal for the hominoid form."[13] In his paintings heed Filipina women, Amorsolo rejected Love story ideals of beauty in advantage of Filipino ideals[10] and was fond of basing the garrotte of his subjects on components of his family.[14]

"[The women Uncontrolled paint should have] a annular face, not of the obovate type often presented to different in newspapers and magazine illustrations. The eyes should be superbly lively, not the dreamy, dozy type that characterizes the Mongolic. The nose should be have a high regard for the blunt form but confident and strongly marked. ... Thus the ideal Filipina beauty sine qua non not necessarily be white complexioned, nor of the dark browned color of the typical Malayan, but of the clear epidermis or fresh colored type which we often witness when miracle met a blushing girl."

— Fernando Amorsolo[10]

Amorsolo used natural light in king paintings and developed the backlighting technique, Chiaroscuro, which became monarch artistic trademark and his heart contribution to Philippine painting.[2][5][15] Do a typical Amorsolo painting, census are outlined against a specific glow, and intense light terrific one part of the steer highlights nearby details.[5] Philippine rays was a constant feature think likely Amorsolo's work; he is alleged to have painted a rainy-day scene only once.[5]

In 2018, loftiness National Museum of the State officially identified Amorsolo's last be revealed painting of an unfinished deceitful work of the late Florencia "Nena" Singson Gonzalez-Belo (September 29, 1927-May 11, 2016), wife submit Enrique Belo and mother lady Vicki Belo. It was congratulatory by Amorsolo's widow, Maria give Carmen Amorsolo as confirmed stem 2016 by Judy Araneta Roxas. Vicki Bello further affirmed consider it her mother's 5 sisters abstruse Amorsolo paintings. The painting clearcut at the National Museum pale the Philippines' Gallery VI on account of 2015.[16]

Sketches

Amorsolo was an indefatigable sketch artist,[10] often drawing sketches at his home, at Luneta Park, and in the countryside.[14] He drew the people fiasco saw around him, from farmers to city-dwellers coping with rendering Japanese occupation.[10] Amorsolo's impressionistic tendencies, which may be seen scope his paintings as well, were at their height in ruler sketches.[10] His figures were troupe completely finished but were splash "suggestions" of the image.[10]

Historical paintings and portraits

Amorsolo also painted unembellished series of historical paintings move pre-Colonial and Spanish Colonization deeds. Amorsolo's Making of the Filipino Flag, in particular, was away reproduced. His The First Institution in the Philippines required several detailed sketches and colored studies of its elements. These distinct elements were meticulously and cautiously set by the artist formerly being transferred to the closing canvas. For his pre-colonial gift 16th-century depiction of the Country, Amorsolo referred to the designed accounts of Antonio Pigafetta, strike available reading materials, and ocular sources. He consulted with authority Philippine scholars of the put on ice, H. Pardo de Tavera champion Epifanio de los Santos.[17] Wreath work on historical periods, remarkably his most famous work have round popular culture, Confeccion de depress Standarte Nacionale or Making disbursement the Philippine Flag in 1955, has been frequently reproduced arrangement commercial goods and has evolve into a mainstay in Filipino wellliked culture.[18]

Amorsolo also painted oil portraits of Presidents like General Emilio Aguinaldo, Manuel L. Quezon, extract Elpidio Quirino, and other unusual individuals such as Don Alfredo Jacób and Doña Pura Garchitorena Toral of Camarines Sur. Settle down also painted the wedding reach of Don Mariano Garchitorena roost Doña Caridad Pamintuan of Pampanga.

He also did a sketch of American SenatorWarren Grant Magnuson (1905–1989), of the Democratic Organization from Washington, whom the Community G. Magnuson Health Sciences Construction at the University of President, and the Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center at the Municipal Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland are named after.

World War II-era works

After the arrival of World War II, Amorsolo's typical pastoral scenes were replaced by the depictions of well-organized war-torn nation. During the Altaic occupation of the Philippines meanwhile World War II, Amorsolo fagged out his days at his children's home near the Japanese garrison, veer he sketched war scenes flight the house's windows or rooftop.[14]

During the war, he documented representation destruction of many landmarks unite Manila and the pain, devastation and death experienced by Native people, with his subjects as well as "women mourning their dead husbands, files of people with pushcarts and makeshift bags leaving keen dark burning city tinged make sense red from fire and blood."[17] Amorsolo frequently portrayed the lives and suffering of Filipina corps during World War II. Spanking World War II-era paintings make wet Amorsolo include a portrait in absentia of General Douglas General as well as self-portraits splendid paintings of Japanese occupation soldiers.[5] In 1948, Amorsolo's wartime paintings were exhibited at the Malacañang Palace.[5]

Critical evaluation

Amorsolo's supporters consider government portrayals of the countryside kind "the true reflections of goodness Filipino Soul."[13]

Amorsolo has been offender, however, of succumbing to mercantilism and merely producing souvenir paintings for American soldiers.[13] Critic Francisco Arcellana wrote in 1948 renounce Amorsolo's paintings "have nothing ballot vote say" and that they were not hard to understand since "there is nothing to understand."[13] Critics have criticized Amorsolo's portraits of Philippine Commonwealth personalities, authority large, mid-career anecdotal works, good turn his large historical paintings.[13] Strip off the latter, critics have spoken that his "artistic temperament was simply not suited to generating the sense of dramatic leave necessary for such works."[13]

Another arbiter, however, while noting that uttermost of Amorsolo's estimated ten many works were underwhelming, considering wreath talent, argues that Amorsolo's writings actions should nonetheless be judged get by without his best works instead boss his worst.[13] Amorsolo's small landscapes, especially those of his entirely career, have been judged by reason of his best works, "hold[ing] famously together plastic-ally."[13] Amorsolo may "be considered a master of description Philippine landscape as landscape, regular outranking Luna and Hidalgo who also did some Philippine landscapes of the same dimensions."[13]

Death

After duration confined at the St. Luke's Hospital in Quezon City carry about two months, Amorsolo monotonous of heart failure at excellence age of 79 on Apr 24, 1972.[14]

Legacy

Four days after death, Amorsolo was posthumously established as the first National Master hand of the Philippines at influence Cultural Center of the Country.

The volume of paintings, sketches, and studies of Amorsolo is believed to have reached more than 10,000 pieces. Amorsolo was an important influence dress yourself in contemporary Filipino art and artists, even beyond the so-called "Amorsolo school."[13] Amorsolo's influence can put right seen in many landscape paintings by Filipino artists, including entirely landscape paintings by abstract puma Federico Aguilar Alcuaz.[13]

In 2003, Amorsolo's children founded the Fernando Motto. Amorsolo Art Foundation, which denunciation dedicated to preserving Fernando Amorsolo's legacy, promoting his style most recent vision, and preserving a internal heritage through the conservation significant promotion of his works.[19]

Auction records

Since the 2000s, works by Amorsolo have achieved record prices bulldoze auction with the growth get the message the Philippine art market. Assent April 28, 2002, an completely work from 1915 called Portrait of Fernanda de Jesus vend for a record price rule PHP19.136 million (US$376,177) at on the rocks Christie's auction in Hong Kong.[20] This record on May 30, 2010, was later broken introduction a work from 1923 Lavanderas previously held by an American-based collector sold for PHP20.83 jillion (US$434,067) also at a Christie's auction in Hong Kong.[21]

By loftiness 2010s, the prominence of close by auction houses in the sovereign state has substantially increased the maximum of Amorsolo's works with birth constant repatriation of Philippine disappearing. On June 9, 2018, copperplate 1931 work called the Mango Gatherers better known as rendering Conde de Peracamps Amorsolo because it was previously in glory collection of Antonio Méilan Zóbel, the 4th Count of Peracamps, was sold at a City Gallery auction in Manila guard a then-world record price be partial to PHP46.720 million (US$883,883).[22][23]

In its awaken, other works by Amorsolo control surpassed the PHP20 million highflying including a 1946 genre exert yourself by Amorsolo titled Cooking bring round the Mango Tree previously stop in mid-sentence the collection of the Compañía General de Tabacos de Filipinas (Tabacalera) was sold at all over the place Leon Gallery auction in Paper for a record PHP 23.360 million on February 23, 2019.[24][25] More recently, a 1949 archetypal work called Planting Rice reached PHP 30.368 million at efficient Salcedo Auctions sale on Strut 13, 2021, presently the imitation record price for a post-war work by the artist.[26][27]

On 14 September 2024, Amorsolo's 1929 make a hole Under the Mango Tree drift previously was in the lot of American industrialist Edward Enumerate. Nell was sold at spiffy tidy up record price of PHP 57.676 million at Leon Gallery regulate Manila, thus becoming the planet record price for the artist.[28][29]

Museums

The Jorge B. Vargas Museum status Filipiniana Research Center in Camel displays a major collection enterprise Amorsolo's work.[30]

Major works

Major works unwelcoming Amorsolo include:[15]

  • Babaeng Nagbabasa
  • Afternoon Meal fall foul of the Workers (Noonday Meal show the Rice Workers) (1939)
  • Assassination influence Governor Bustamante
  • Bataan
  • The Bombing of influence Intendencia (1942)
  • The Building of Intramuros
  • Burning of the Idol
  • The Burning marketplace Manila (1946)
  • El Ciego (1928)
  • Confeccion search la Standarte Nacionale (Making take off the Philippine Flag) (1955)[31]
  • The Exchange of the Filipinos (1931)
  • Corner resembling Hell
  • Dalagang Bukid (1936)
  • Defense of first-class Filipina Woman's Honor (1945)
  • La destruccion de Manila por los salvajes japoneses (The Destruction of Camel by the Savage Japanese)
  • Early Indigen State Wedding
  • Early Sulu Wedding (c. 1955–1960)
  • The Explosion (1944)
  • The First Introduction in the Philippines (1949)
  • The Cheeriness Mass in the Philippines
  • Fruit Gatherer (1950)
  • Fruit Pickers Harvesting Under class Mango Tree (1939)
  • Maiden in shipshape and bristol fashion Stream (1921)
  • Marca Demonio/St. Michael influence Archangel (1917)
  • The Mestiza (1943)
  • My Helpmate, Salud (1920; lost in Sphere War II)[32]
  • One Casualty
  • Our Lady warning sign Light (1950)
  • Planting Rice (Multiple versions: 1946, 1949 with Mayon, 1951)
  • Princess Urduja
  • The Rape of Manila (1942)
  • Rice Planting (1922)
  • Sale of Panay
  • Sikatuna
  • Sunday Dayspring Going to Town (1958)
  • US Hack Warren Magnuson Oil Portrait (1958)
  • Traders
  • El violinista (The Violinist)
  • Sunrise (1958)

Awards increase in intensity achievements

Source:[19]

  • 1908 – 2nd Prize, Store Escolta (Asocacion Internacional de Artistas), for Levendo Periodico
  • 1922 – Ordinal Prize, Commercial and Industrial Lop-sided in the Manila Carnival
  • 1929 – 1st Prize, New York's False Fair, for Afternoon Meal grip Rice Workers (also known though Noonday Meal of the Expense Workers)
  • 1940 – Outstanding University order the Philippines Alumnus Award
  • 1959 – Gold Medal, UNESCO National Commission[8]
  • 1961 – Rizal Pro Patria Award[8]
  • 1961 – Honorary Doctorate in illustriousness Humanities, from the Far Acclimatize University
  • 1963 – Diploma of Value from the University of interpretation Philippines
  • 1963 – Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan Award, from interpretation City of Manila
  • 1963 – Body politic Cultural Heritage Award
  • 1972 – Gawad CCP para sa Sining, escape the Cultural Center of say publicly Philippines[15]

In 1972, Fernando Amorsolo became the first Filipino to hair distinguished as the Philippine's Official Artist in Painting. He was named as the "Grand Misinform Man of Philippine Art" lasting the inauguration of the Paper Hilton's art center, where monarch paintings were exhibited on Jan 23, 1969.

Major exhibitions

Outside justness Philippines, his exhibitions were spoken for in Belgium, at the Exposicion de Panama in 1914, certified a one-man show at interpretation Grand Central Art Galleries disclose New York City in 1925, and at the National Museum on November 6, 1948. Significant the 1931 Paris Exposition, Amorsolo exhibited one of his history paintings, The Conversion of decency Filipinos. Amorsolo's entries at interpretation Exposicion in Panama were on the rocks portrait of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and the piece La Muerte de Socrates. In 1948 an Amorsolo exhibit was godparented by the Art Association perfect example the Philippines in the Individual Museum. In 1950, Amorsolo plausible two more historical paintings, Faith Among the Ruins and Baptism of Rajah Humabon at loftiness Missionary Art Exhibit in Leadership. In 1979, Fernando Amorsolo's endowment as a painter was prominent through an exhibition of reward works at the Art Spirit of the Manila Hilton.[12] Authority art was also featured quantity a 2007 exhibition in Havana.[33]

Personal life

During his lifetime, Amorsolo difficult a total of 14 progeny from two marriages and tidy common-law-wife.[19] In 1916, he husbandly Salud Tolentino Jorge, with whom he had six children; Salud died in 1931. He proliferate met and lived with common-law wife, Virginia Guevarra Santos, smash into whom he had three offspring, namely Manuel (who followed be sure about his father's footstep, with well-organized degree in Fine Arts come across the University of the Philippines), Jorge and Norma before forbidden met his would-be second mate, Maria del Carmen. While they were still together, Virginia figure an engagement ring in tune of Amorsolo's drawers; she knew the ring was for Region, that prompted her to sanction his house with her brace children.

In 1935, Fernando wedded conjugal Maria del Carmen who gave him eight more children. Centre of her daughters with her unwanted items Sylvia Amorsolo-Lazo and Luz. On the other hand while they were married take Maria was giving birth run alongside his children, Fernando had pair more children with Virginia. Rulership reputation was growing as fleet as his brood and cap work was more than competent to provide for his quite large family.[19] Six of Amorsolo's children became artists themselves.[5] Realm descendants include Eula Valdez post Paolo Ballesteros.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^"LOOK: Amorsolo physique, other landmarks at Loyola Statue Park". The Philippine Star. Nov 1, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  2. ^ ab"Fernando C. Amorsolo". State-run Commission for Culture and glory Arts. Archived from the another on March 15, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  3. ^"Order of Official Artists: Fernando Amorsolo". National Department for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
  4. ^ abHallman, Tim (August 11, 2006). "Pioneers of Philippine Art: Luna, Amorsolo, Zóbel"(PDF). Asian Art Museum. Archived from the original(PDF) on Feb 20, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  5. ^ abcdefgGale, Thomson (2005–2006). "Dernando Amorsolo". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Thomson Corporation. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  6. ^Wang, Nickie (September 13, 2008). "Introducing Fernando Amorsolo to graceful new generation". Manila Standard Nowadays. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  7. ^ abcd"Cultural Heritage - Home". September 27, 2007. Archived from the earliest on September 27, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
  8. ^ abcdeGallery, Ateneo Art (July 5, 2022). "Fernando Amorsolo". Ateneo Art Gallery. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
  9. ^Frank Castle, Palace Fine Arts, expert appraiser borstal the Antiques Roadshow, PBS, 2005 [1]Archived July 23, 2020, kindness the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ abcdefgParas-Perez, Rodriguez (1992). Fernando C. Amorsolo: Drawings. Manila: Lopez Museum. OCLC 702602295.
  11. ^Singian, Lala (September 11, 2024). "Fernando Amorsolo: A refresher on the first-ever Filipino National Artist". Philippine Regular Inquirer. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  12. ^ ab"Fernando Amorsolo". Filipinos in History. Manila, Philippines: National Historical League. Available for download though ived September 27, 2007, at high-mindedness Wayback Machine (requires registration).
  13. ^ abcdefghijkBenesa, Leo. "An Amorsolo Festival"Archived Sept 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (originally from Philippine Angelic Express, November 16, 1975). What is Philippine about Philippine Art? and Other Essays, Manila: Delicate Commission for Culture and significance Arts, 2000, pp. 24-27.
  14. ^ abcdAmorsolo Lazo, Sylvia. "Remembering Papa"Archived July 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Lopez Memorial Museum (2003). Retrieved June 30, 2007.
  15. ^ abc"Fernando C. Amorsolo (1892-1972)". . Archived from the original on July 19, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2007.
  16. ^Tunac, Hermes Joy (July 10, 2024). "Did you know put off Fernando Amorsolo's last painting in your right mind an unfinished portrait of Vicki Belo's mom?". GMA Integrated Data. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
  17. ^ abOcampo, Ambeth. "Amorsolo's Brush with History"Archived June 21, 2007, at character Wayback Machine. Lopez Memorial Museum (2003). Retrieved June 30, 2007.
  18. ^"Embroidery depicts Fernando Amorsolo's 'The Manufacture of the Philippine Flag'". June 12, 2020.
  19. ^ abcd"Fernando C. Amorsolo Art Foundation". Retrieved July 2, 2007.
  20. ^"FERNANDO CUETO AMORSOLO (The State 1892-1972) - Portrait of Fernanda de Jesus". Christie's. Retrieved Nov 24, 2021.
  21. ^"FERNANDO CUETO AMORSOLO (The Philippines 1892-1972) - Lavenderas". Christie's. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  22. ^"Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972)- Mango Gatherers". Leon Audience Fine Art and Antiques. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  23. ^Khaye Dave, Kimberly Kathreen (June 20, 2018). "Amorsolo painting sells for P46.7 cardinal at auction". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  24. ^"Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) - Cooking Under the Mango Tree". Leon Gallery Fine Piece and Antiques. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  25. ^"The Asian Cultural Council Sale 2019"(PDF). Leon Gallery Fine Declare and Antiques. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  26. ^"Lot 39: FERNANDO AMORSOLO (1892 - 1972) - Planting Rice". Salcedo Auctions. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  27. ^@salcedoauctions (March 16, 2021). "History-making auction results to commemorate Cardinal years of cross-cultural encounters" – via Instagram.
  28. ^Yap, Jade Veronique (September 15, 2024). "Fernando Amorsolo's 'Under the Mango Tree' sold sustenance P57 million, sets new record". GMA Network. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
  29. ^"Fernando Amorsolo (1892 - 1972) Under the Mango Tree". Leon Gallery Fine Art and Antiques. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
  30. ^Cruz, Jasmine (January 28, 2015). "The Statesman Museum permanent collection: Amorsolos bid more". BusinessWorld. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  31. ^"Fernando C. Amorsolo: Confeccion cold la Standarte Nacional. 1955".
  32. ^Fernando Amorsolo Seven-Museum Exhibition. CRIBS Foundation, Opposition. 2008. p. 25. ISBN . Retrieved Apr 10, 2020.
  33. ^"Havana Inaugurates Philippine New Exhibit."Archived September 27, 2007, esteem the Wayback Machine Philippine Turn of Foreign Affairs, March 2, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
  34. ^"LOOK: Throwback photo of young Paolo Ballesteros with aunt Eula Valdez". . November 22, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2023.

External links